SQL Server Job Interview questions part 5

Que:- What are the different types of replication? Explain. 
Ans:- The SQL Server 2000-supported replication types are as follows: 
• Transactional 
• Snapshot 
• Merge 
Snapshot replication distributes data exactly as it appears at a specific moment in time and does not monitor for updates to the data. Snapshot replication is best used as a method for replicating data that changes infrequently or where the most up-to-date values (low latency) are not a requirement. When synchronization occurs, the entire snapshot is generated and sent to Subscribers. 

Transactional replication, an initial snapshot of data is applied at Subscribers, and then when data modifications are made at the Publisher, the individual transactions are captured and propagated to Subscribers. 

Merge replication is the process of distributing data from Publisher to Subscribers, allowing the Publisher and Subscribers to make updates while connected or disconnected, and then merging the updates between sites when they are connected. 

Que:- What are the OS services that the SQL Server installation adds? 
Ans:- MS SQL SERVER SERVICE, SQL AGENT SERVICE, DTC (Distribution transacco-ordinator) 

Que:- What are three SQL keywords used to change or set someone’s permissions? 
Ans:- GRANT, DENY, and REVOKE. 

Que:- What does it mean to have quoted_identifier on? What are the implications of having it off? 
Ans:- When SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER is ON, identifiers can be delimited by double quotation marks, and literals must be delimited by single quotation marks. When SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER is OFF, identifiers cannot be quoted and must follow all Transact-SQL rules for identifiers. 

Que:- What is the STUFF function and how does it differ from the REPLACE function? 
Ans:- STUFF function to overwrite existing characters. Using this syntax, STUFF(string_expression, start, length, replacement_characters), string_expression is the string that will have characters substituted, start is the starting position, length is the number of characters in the string that are substituted, and 
replacement_characters are the new characters interjected into the string. 
REPLACE function to replace existing characters of all occurance. Using this syntax 
REPLACE(string_expression, search_string, replacement_string), where every incidence of search_string found in the string_expression will be replaced with replacement_string. 

Que:- Using query analyzer, name 3 ways to get an accurate count of the number of records in a 
table? 
Ans:- SELECT * FROM table1 
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table1 
SELECT rows FROM sysindexes WHERE id = OBJECT_ID(table1) AND indid < 2 

Que:- How to rebuild Master Database? 
Ans:- Shutdown Microsoft SQL Server 2000, and then run Rebuildm.exe. This is located in the Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\80\Tools\Binn directory. In the Rebuild Master dialog box, click Browse. In the Browse for Folder dialog box, select the \Data folder on the SQL Server 2000 compact disc or in the shared network directory from which SQL Server 2000 was installed, and then click OK. Click Settings. In the Collation Settings dialog box, verify or change settings used for the master database and all other databases. Initially, the default collation settings are shown, but these may not match the collation selected during setup. You can select the same settings used during setup or select new collation settings. When done, click OK. 
In the Rebuild Master dialog box, click Rebuild to start the process. The Rebuild Master utility reinstalls the master database. To continue, you may need to stop a server that is running. 
Source: http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa197950(SQL.80).aspx 

Que:- What is the basic functions for master, msdb, model, tempdb databases? 
Ans:- The Master database holds information for all databases located on the SQL Server instance and is the glue that holds the engine together. Because SQL Server cannot start without a functioning master database, you must administer this database with care. The msdb database stores information regarding database backups, SQL Agent information, DTS packages, SQL Server jobs, and some replication information such as for log shipping. 
The tempdb holds temporary objects such as global and local temporary tables and stored procedures. 
The model is essentially a template database used in the creation of any new user database created in the instance. 

Que:- What are primary keys and foreign keys? 
Ans:- Primary keys are the unique identifiers for each row. They must contain unique values and cannot be null. Due to their importance in relational databases, Primary keys are the most fundamental of all keys and constraints. A table can have only one Primary key. 
Foreign keys are both a method of ensuring data integrity and a manifestation of the relationship between tables. 

Que:- What is data integrity? Explain constraints? 
Ans:- Data integrity is an important feature in SQL Server. When used properly, it ensures that data is accurate, correct, and valid. It also acts as a trap for otherwise undetectable bugs within applications. A PRIMARY KEY constraint is a unique identifier for a row within a database table. Every table should have a primary key constraint to uniquely identify each row and only one primary key constraint can be 
created for each table. The primary key constraints are used to enforce entity integrity. 
A UNIQUE constraint enforces the uniqueness of the values in a set of columns, so no duplicate values are entered. The unique key constraints are used to enforce entity integrity as the primary key constraints. 
A FOREIGN KEY constraint prevents any actions that would destroy links between tables with the corresponding data values. A foreign key in one table points to a primary key in another table. Foreign keys prevent actions that would leave rows with foreign key values when there are no primary keys with that value. The foreign key constraints are used to enforce referential integrity. A CHECK constraint is used to limit the values that can be placed in a column. The check constraints are used to enforce domain integrity. 
A NOT NULL constraint enforces that the column will not accept null values. The not null constraints are used to enforce domain integrity, as the check constraints.